CS 11: Compiling C programs C track: compiling C programs. It is important to understand that while some computer languages ( e.g. Scheme or Basic) are normally used with an interactive interpreter (where you type in commands that are immediately executed), C doesn't work that way. C source code files are always compiled into binary code by a program called a 'compiler' and then executed. This is actually a multi-step process which we describe in some detail here. The different kinds of files Compiling C programs requires you to work with four kinds of files: • Regular source code files. These files contain function definitions, and have names which end in '.c' by convention.• Header files.
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These files contain function declarations (also known as function prototypes) and various preprocessor statements (see below). They are used to allow source code files to access externally-defined functions. Header files end in '.h' by convention.• Object files. These files are produced as the output of the compiler. They consist of function definitions in binary form, but they are not executable by themselves. Object files end in '.o' by convention, although on some operating systems ( e.g.
Windows, MS-DOS), they often end in '.obj'.• Binary executables. These are produced as the output of a program called a 'linker'. The linker links together a number of object files to produce a binary file which can be directly executed. Binary executables have no special suffix on Unix operating systems, although they generally end in '.exe' on Windows.
Gcc Compile C Program
There are other kinds of files as well, notably libraries ('.a' files) and shared libraries ('.so' files), but you won't normally need to deal with them directly. The preprocessor Before the C compiler starts compiling a source code file, the file is processed by a preprocessor. This is in reality a separate program (normally called ' cpp', for 'C preprocessor'), but it is invoked automatically by the compiler before compilation proper begins. What the preprocessor does is convert the source code file you write into another source code file (you can think of it as a 'modified' or 'expanded' source code file). That modified file may exist as a real file in the file system, or it may only be stored in memory for a short time before being sent to the compiler.